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疣狀鹿角珊瑚(Pocillopora verrucosa)複合種群的族群生態學

為了解決LUNA SEA STORM的問題，作者莫艾奇 這樣論述：

Population ecology is the study of populations in relation to the environment that includes the influences on population structure, health and density. For centuries it has provided a means of evaluating why and how populations change over time, why some go extinct and why others flourish. However,

we still lack critical demographic information on specific foundational species, especially when it comes to corals, that promote the resilience of coral reefs worldwide. In this Ph.D. study, I explore mechanisms that support the survival of the Pocillopora verrucosa species complex, an abundant gr

oup of coral species in the Indo-Pacific. I examine abiotic factors on the larvae of P. verrucosa during dispersal (Chapter 2), use long-term monitoring and mathematical modelling to exemplify ecosystem resilience (Chapter 3) and reveal the demographic processes that drive population growth (Chapter

4). Our results from Chapter 2 show that behaviour can have profound consequences for the dispersal potential of marine sessile organisms. I show that larvae of P. verrucosa are photo-sensitive and use this ability to dwell at the surface after spawning. Other coral species tested showed no prefer

ence towards or away from the light source, possibly using other mechanisms to regulate their vertical positioning. This reaction was consistently observed both in the laboratory at different light intensities and in the field at various depths. I hypothesise that photo-movement may have some influe

nce on the wide geographical distribution of P. verrucosa. In Chapter 3, I explore Pocillopora populations in recovery in Lanyu, Taiwan after a catastrophic disturbance in 2009. I monitored individual colonies over a 9-year period (2012-2020), tracking growth, survival and reproduction. I used Inte

gral Projection Models (IPMs) to extract demographic traits that drive population recovery following a disturbance. Our results exemplified resilience as the population in later years was able to absorb recurrent disturbances and continue on the trajectory of recovery. I show it is underlying mechan

isms such as the transition of smaller immature individuals to sexually mature adults that ensure the progression of the population. Our results deepen our knowledge of the value of both empirical and theoretical methods to explore recovery of corals.In Chapter 4, I scrutinized the demographic trait

s associated with Pocillopora populations that regulate and facilitate population growth. I discovered, to our best knowledge, the first clear evidence of self-thinning of a coral population, a law in ecology whereby the number of individuals (per unit area) decreases as average size increases over

time. I highlighted processes that drive this phenomena concluding that density-dependent recruitment is exerting pressure on the population to shrink in number of individuals. Our understanding what factors regulate population growth of foundational organisms is essential for future predictions of

coral reefs.Further research is necessary to explore the recovery potential of coral reefs. From reproduction to population dynamics to interdisciplinary science, population ecology has a place in the 21st century and can help to address new questions arising due to anthropogenic climate change. Thi

s Ph.D. study shows that mechanisms underpinning the survival of foundational organisms offer insight into how coral reefs will look in the future under more pressured environmental change.

聖文森特和格林納丁斯的氣候變遷調適與政策調和性

為了解決LUNA SEA STORM的問題，作者Clint Todd Lewis 這樣論述：

Climate change is a formidable challenge described by the United Nations as the “defining challenge of our era”. Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are more vulnerable to the threat of climate change from a social, economic, and environmental perspective which directly influences their capacity

to achieve sustainable development. The impacts of climate change on the Caribbean region have been unfamiliar where the weather systems appear to be following an abnormal pattern, unprecedented in the severity of the impacts, and therefore an urgent matter that needs to be addressed on different le

vels. St. Vincent and the Grenadines (SVG) is no exception, and this thesis delves into the climate change adaptation realities of the island state.Looking through the lenses of resilience, adaptive capacity, vulnerability, and development, this thesis takes a research-led, mixed methods, case study

approach to answering three fundamental questions: (1) how is SVG adapting to climate change at the national level? (2) what is the extent of climate change adaptation and cross-sector policy coherence in SVG? and (3) what are the drivers to and barriers of climate change adaptation mainstreaming i

n SVG? To facilitate the data collection, apart from desktop research, thirty-two participants from the field of climate change, environment, and/or development were selected to participate in the semi-structured interviews conducted between July to September 2018 in SVG. Participants included polic

y-makers, government, non-government, and private sector personnels.The key findings of this research include that: (1) SVG is mostly adapting to hurricanes, soil and coastal erosion, drought and rainfall in terms of climate-induced vulnerabilities and economic constraints, energy, food security, a

nd the impacts of development and infrastructure in terms of non-climate-induced vulnerabilities; (2) The Agriculture, coastal zone, and health sectors are the primary sectors for which adaptation is occurring; (3) The climate change adaptation barriers are finance, human resource, and technical cap

acity; (4) The total coherence score is 109.26 which indicates limited to partial coherence with the National Adaptation Plan (NAP), National Climate Change Policy (NCCP), the National Development Plan (NDC), and the coastal zone policy with the highest coherence while the water and health sector po

licies has the least coherence; (5) The country’s vulnerability, institutional arrangements, and government budget/finance are the main drivers of adaptation mainstreaming while poor planning and governance, insufficient human resources, and compete development priorities are the main barriers to ad

aptation mainstreaming.From the data unearthed, the research contributes to the academic literature by documenting the climate change adaptation trends in SVG, measuring the level of policy coherence for climate change adaptation at the national cross-sectoral level, understanding and documenting th

e drivers of and barriers to adaptation mainstreaming in SVG, and developing an eight-step process to practically achieve climate change adaptation mainstreaming in SVG.The research also contributes two suggestions to the government of SVG that will further help to adaptation planning, mainstreaming

, and policy coherence. They include (1) a strategic national adaptation response for that can be the framework for adaptation mainstreaming and policy coherence, and (2) a multidisciplinary climate change secretariat/council that is made up of government, non-government, and private sector stakehol

ders for planned adaptation.