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慢門、弱光與延時攝影 快速提升照片水準的150個關鍵技法

為了解決銀河時間的問題，作者北極光攝影 這樣論述：

慢門、弱光與延時雖然在所有攝影類別中屬於難度較高的一類，但其實只要找到正確的學習途徑，即便是零基礎的讀者，也可以輕鬆掌握慢門、弱光與延時攝影的拍攝技巧。   本書共分為兩部分--慢門、弱光與延時攝影基礎和慢門、弱光與延時攝影技巧實戰。本書的基礎部分介紹了“慢門”“弱光”“延時”的區別及聯繫，適合慢門、弱光與延時攝影的相機、鏡頭以及必要的附件，如何控制曝光，如何選擇拍攝模式，以及常用於此類題材的功能表功能；實戰部分則從夜景人像、城市夜景、光繪、星空、星軌等12個題材總結出150個關鍵技法，每一個技法均以圖文並茂的形式向讀者講解具體的操作方法及作用，以幫助讀者更好地理解並掌握慢門、弱光與延時攝影。

  本書適合攝影愛好者，尤其是在慢門、弱光與延時攝影方面遇到瓶頸的攝影愛好者參考閱讀，對於有一定經驗的攝影師，本書也同樣適用。 北極光攝影是由多位有豐富攝影從業經驗的攝影師組成的作者團隊，得益於多年拍攝的積累，有著豐富的圖片資源和技巧沉澱，長期致力於普及單反器材使用與實拍技巧的提升。 第1章 慢門、弱光與延時攝影基礎 [簡介1] 慢門、弱光與延時攝影的 陌生感···················································9 [簡介2] 慢門、弱光與延時攝影 學習路線························

····················10 [步驟1] 認識慢門、弱光與延時攝影 什麼是慢門攝影·················································12 什麼情況下使用慢速快門··································13 什麼是弱光攝影·················································14 慢門攝影與弱光攝影的關係·······························14 什麼是延時攝影·······································

··········15 [步驟2] 慢門、弱光與延時攝影器材 對相機的要求·····················································16 對鏡頭的要求·····················································17 常用濾鏡及使用方法··········································19 認識三腳架並學習使用方法·······························27 其他常用器材······································

···············33 [步驟3] 學會相機的操作方法 光圈、快門速度與感光度的控制·······················36 曝光模式的選擇·················································44 設定合適的白平衡模式······································50 常用功能與相機設置··········································52 第2章夜景人像攝影實戰技巧 1利用低速同步閃光模式得到漂亮的夜景人像···························

········59 2利用前簾同步閃光模式拍攝動感人像··································60 3利用後簾同步閃光模式拍攝動感人像············································60 4利用路燈或其他光源進行補光··············61 5充分利用窗光及燈光拍攝室內人像······62 6拍攝室內弱光人像不要害怕提高ISO值··63 7利用TTL閃光模式進行拍攝··················63 8弱光紀實人像不要開閃光燈·················64 9高感光度下獲得較好畫質的方法········

··65 10使用點測光拍攝大光比弱光人像··········66 11確保弱光人像清晰的方法·····················67 12用慢門將人群拍出流動感·····················68 第3章慢門水景攝影實戰技巧 13利用小光圈表現水霧的靜謐感····································70 14在不同時段拍出不同色彩的水霧··········71 15利用前景表現水霧中的虛實對比··········71 16使用UV鏡防止水汽沾濕鏡頭···············72 17在白天也能慢速拍攝瀑布與溪流··········73 18使

用方形中灰漸變鏡慢速拍攝海景······74 19使用RAW格式拍攝大光比水景············75 20拍攝慢門水景不一定非要使用偏振鏡···76 21以水流強度為依據確定快門速度··········77 22不要因為水流小而放棄拍攝·················77 23以水景範圍確定快門速度·····················78 24通過水景環境亮度確定快門速度··········79 25拍攝時如何安裝三腳架·························80 26沒有三腳架也能固定相機拍慢門··········81 27利用低速快門拍攝霧化的海面·········

·····81 28利用海面的礁石形成虛實對比··············82 29三腳架要及時清洗································82 30慢門拍攝瀑布、溪流的局部小景致······83 31萬全的準備很重要································84 32利用快門線和反光鏡預升功能拍攝······85 33利用三腳架拍攝時記得關閉防抖功能···85 第4章城市夜景攝影實戰技巧 34嘗試更多的城市夜景題材·····················87 35手動虛焦拍攝唯美夜景·························87 36

自製範本拍攝個性散景·························88 37在夜晚拍出燈光的璀璨星芒·················89 38不要使用最小光圈拍攝夜景·················90 39避免觀景台玻璃反光的技巧·················90 40利用藍調時刻拍攝城市夜景·················91 41藍調時刻在不同方向的具體時間··········91 42注意觀察城市夜景的局部美·················92 43拍攝建築內景的注意事項·····················93 第5章光軌拍攝實戰技巧 44利用慢門+變焦將城市燈

光拍出拉爆效果···························95 45轉動變焦環並保證相機穩定·················96 46使用慢門拍攝車流光軌·························96 47利用光圈、快門速度控制光軌效果······97 48俯拍光軌表現線條美感·························97 49低角度仰拍光軌營造視覺衝擊力··········98 50在天空沒有完全變暗時拍攝·················99 51設置白平衡讓畫面不會偏黃·················99 52利用慢門拍攝遊樂場光軌·············

······100 53利用大光圈虛化遊樂場內的人群········100 54靈活運用構圖方法拍攝遊樂設施········101 第6章光繪攝影實戰技巧 55光繪攝影要選好場景···························103 56黑背景光繪曝光控制···························104 57環境背景光繪曝光控制·······················104 58利用B門確定曝光時間························105 59通過多次演練確定曝光時間···············105 60不想自己上鏡就穿暗色服裝···········

····106 61利用“預對焦”解決對焦問題············106 62注意光繪攝影的安全問題···················107 63靈活使用手電筒拍攝光繪···················108 64善用小道具拍攝光繪···························109 65用光繪畫出英文字母或圖形···············110 66用光繪勾勒出人物的形狀···················111 67用光繪勾勒物體的形狀·······················111 68利用鏤空黑卡紙拍出複雜光繪圖案····112 第7章煙花拍攝實戰技巧 6

9煙花拍攝時的光圈控制·······················114 70利用B門拍攝煙花·······························115 71將煙花疊加在一張照片上的方法········116 72根據拍攝距離選擇焦段·······················116 73利用即時取景模式方便對焦···············117 74構圖時預留出煙花綻放的空間············118 75在拍攝煙花時使用快門線···················119 76拍攝煙花請關閉防抖功能···················119 77建議關閉長時間曝光降噪功

能············120 78利用電子水平儀保持畫面水準············120 第8章閃電拍攝實戰技巧 79閃電是用慢門“捕捉”到的···············122 80拍攝閃電的光圈設置···························122 81長焦鏡頭更適合表現閃電···················123 82將對焦設置為“對焦至無窮遠”··········124 83閃電一般不會出現在同一位置············124 84利用連拍模式輕鬆拍攝閃電···············125 第9章月亮拍攝實戰技巧 85利用即時顯示功能精准對焦月亮·····

···127 86利用多重曝光功能拍出大月亮············127 87適當降低曝光量讓月亮表面有細節····128 88選擇無雲的天氣拍攝月亮···················128 89手持相機也可以拍攝月亮···················129 90攝月曝光參數選擇······························129 第10章星空攝影實戰技巧 91利用銀河時間表確定拍攝時間············131 92尋找光污染較少的拍攝地點···············132 93利用廣角鏡頭拍攝畫質更好的星空照片························

········132 94手動對焦和即時取景功能要常用········133 95利用試拍確定最合適的曝光參數········134 96利用“500規則”推算極限快門速度·············································135 97利用後期接片拍攝銀河拱橋···············136 98推算星星的移動範圍···························137 99前景甚至比星空還重要·······················138 100利用後期合成讓前景亮起來···············138 101利用人造光源照亮前景拍攝·

··············139 102也可以把攝影師自己當作前景············140 103不要在滿月時拍攝······························140 104三腳架對星空攝影的重要作用············141 第11章星軌攝影實戰技巧 105在城市裡也能拍攝星軌·······················143 106廣角、超廣角更適合拍星軌···············143 107利用後期堆疊的方法合成星軌············144 108堆疊素材曝光參數確定·······················145 109連拍模式讓堆疊後的星

軌不間斷········146 110蓋上鏡頭蓋再拍幾張用來降噪············146 111利用B門拍攝星軌·······························147 112堆疊法相比B門拍攝星軌更具優勢·····148 113星軌攝影對於三腳架的要求較低········149 114沒有定時快門線依舊能拍攝星軌········150 115巧設白平衡拍出七彩星軌···················150 116使用Wi-Fi功能讓拍攝更輕鬆·············151 117如何避免鏡頭起霧······························152 118關

閉長時間曝光降噪功能···················152 119保證拍攝順利的非攝影裝備···············153 120不要忘記考慮電池續航情況···············154 121利用目鏡擋板遮擋雜光·······················155 第12章極光攝影實戰技巧 122確定能拍攝到極光的地方···················157 123晴朗天氣更容易看到極光···················158 124拍攝極光的最佳時節···························159 125極光攝影使用的三腳架越重越好········160

126利用球形自由雲台快速捕捉極光········160 127利用超廣角鏡頭拍下更多畫面元素····161 128拍攝極光常用的曝光參數···················162 129使用最大光圈拍攝極光·······················163 130靈活調整對焦模式······························163 131請關閉長時間曝光降噪功能···············164 132液晶屏顯示“8888”是怎麼回事·······165 133拍攝極光時要注意防寒·······················165 134加入前景讓畫面更有場景感···

············166 135忘記三分法，採用低水準線構圖········166 136紅色燈泡手電筒更適合極光拍攝········167 137利用熱寶防止鏡頭起霧·······················167 138最少準備3塊電池拍攝極光················168 139穿帶內兜的服裝進行拍攝···················168 第13章延時攝影實戰技巧 140通過前期拍攝素材合成延時攝影········170 141拍攝延時攝影的曝光方法···················171 142好用的間隔拍攝功能及使用方法········172 143“曝

光平滑”功能要視情況開啟··········173 144沒有間隔拍攝功能也可以自動拍攝····173 145為可能出現的天氣變化做好準備········174 146外接電源很有必要······························174 147拍攝前清空存儲卡······························175 148構圖時要預留動態元素的空間············175 149手動對焦更適合拍攝延時攝影············176 150延時攝影效果的簡單實現方法············176

銀河時間進入發燒排行的影片

以系統動態學探討非營利組織永續經營策略-以埔里基督教醫院為例

為了解決銀河時間的問題，作者簡鈺紋 這樣論述：

政府資源的支持是很多非營利組織的重要收入來源，但隨著非營利組織數量持續增加，政府補助的資源也開始不足，為了達成使命，在面臨財務緊縮之下如何永續發展就成為每一個非營利組織必須思考的問題。而對於位在偏鄉地區的非營利組織而言，在經營上要面臨的困難會更多，諸如難以尋求人才、人才流失、勞動力不足、募款不易等問題，因此如何善用經營策略幫助非營利組織維持永續發展，是一項迫切的議題。本研究針對埔里基督教醫院，以個案研究的方式，透過深度訪談法與次級資料收集，了解個案的發展歷程，以探討影響個案在經營上的困難點。本研究以系統動態學，將此發展歷程以組織面、醫療專業面、募款面與新媒體應用四個面向進行研究，釐清四個層面

以及發展策略背後所蘊含的因果環路結構，最後綜合對個案的各個層面提出可供參考之意見。本研究發現影響組織各個面向最重要因素為組織聲望，當組織利用新媒體來提高組織聲望時，可以同時解決「開源有限」與「難以節流」的問題，提高組織在募款與醫師層面之效率。