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Mathematical Modeling and Simulation

為了解決Multi link Single ra的問題，作者Geurts, Bernard,Van Damme, Ruud 這樣論述：

This textbook is relevant to BSc/MSc students interested in mathematical modeling and simulation. It brings together analysis, calculus and numerical methods presented in a single coherent volume. Particular attention is given to engineering mathematics, addressing modeling, analysis, method develop

ment, implementation and testing of algorithms, as well as application to actual problems and critical interpretation of the results. The book can be used throughout bachelor programs and parts of masters programs, presenting a comprehensive suite of courses that link formal abstract thinking on the

one hand to intuitive model formulation, critical algorithm development and interpretation of results on the other hand. The books contains numerous examples of practical applications from physics, technology, biology and chemistry. It also contains an introduction to Matlab and C for algorithm dev

elopment and computational analysis. Software and solutions to selected problems are included. Bernard Geurts is the Chair of the Multiscale Modeling and Simulation (MMS) group at the University of Twente, The Netherlands. The big dream behind their work is to help open entirely new worlds of unde

rstanding and application in science and technology, by creating advanced computational methods. The impact of their work is increased by close collaboration with other disciplines.The main research focus is on the mathematical development of computational methods forsystems of nonlinear differentia

l equations. The models studied at MMS represent complexphysical mechanisms acting simultaneously at micro- and macro scales. Much of the workis motivated by fluid-mechanical problems, from nano- and micro fluidics to macroscopicturbulence.The three directions of MMS expertise, i.e., (i) mathematica

l models, (ii) numerical methods and (iii) advanced reduction and regularisation techniques, are exploited in multi-disciplinary research. The work is characterised by balancing fundamental orientation and application perspective. Specific targets are derived from unresolved issues in science and te

chnology.Main application areas are in fluid technology, health and energy such as: - multi-phase turbulence and heat transfer, - aerosol formation and phase transitions, - biomedical flows in complex domains, - nano-engineered materials for energy systemsSpecific challenges range from understanding

the physics of boiling and turbulence modulation, to novel methods of controlled respiratory drug delivery. Moreover, new methods are forgedfor the prediction and mitigation of cerebral haemorrhages and the optimisation of nanostructured inclusions for new materials in energy harvesting.While these

applications and research fields appear diverse, the binding element is his interest in mathematical elegance and abstraction to discover and exploit the simplicity behind apparent complexity in physical systems.Ruud van Damme is associate professor in numerical analysis in the Multiscale Modeling

and Simulation. This group is part of the Department of Applied Mathematics at the University of Twente.His research interests are in mathematics, physics and numerics. The main topics lie in fields such as fluid mechanics, quantum mechanics, graph theory and stochastic processes. His recent researc

h concentrates on advanced numerical techniques and their application, such as splines and wavelets, adaptive grid methods and high dimensional integration.

Decentralization and Governance in Indonesia

為了解決Multi link Single ra的問題，作者Holzhacker, Ronald L. (EDT)/ Wittek, Rafael (EDT)/ Woltjer, Joha 這樣論述：

Indonesia over the past two decades has embarked on a process of decentralization as part of a broader process of democratization, which followed earlier periods of centralized governance and authoritarian rule across the archipelago. The purpose of this book is to begin to explore the connections b

etween governance and sustainable society in a wide variety of policy fields in Indonesia, and how reforming governance structures may contribute to societal benefits and the creation of a long-term sustainable society. This book bridges important theoretical debates related to governance and sustai

nable society and provides empirical research from Indonesia in important policy areas related to this debate. By placing research in different policy areas in a single volume, the link to the broader concepts of governance, decentralization, and societal outcomes is strengthened. The book builds on

the recent interest that has focused on Indonesia and the continued development of democracy in the country. The chapters in the book show a rich variety of decentralized governance arrangements and capacity building at the local level in particular. Central standards (for example for social sustai

nability, anti-corruption arrangements, or for dealing with direct foreign investment), combined with local innovation (for example for municipal coordination of primary health care or metropolitan transport), are key to Indonesia as a country in a continuing process of transformation. We identify t

hree key trends in the on-going process of decentralization and governance in Indonesia. First, we find that formal governance, the relation between the national and local government, is characterized by a system of 'variable geometry multi-level governance' depending on the policy area. The challen

ge ahead is strengthening accountability mechanisms to assure national standards while preserving and encouraging local innovation. Secondly, informal governance mechanisms are evolving to move from 'hierarchical to network' forms of governance. Here the challenge is to insure democratic input by ci

tizens and civil society organizations. Finally, we identify a trend toward 'shared value creation and sustainable cooperation.' Indonesia is beginning to move from a rather singular policy focus on economic growth to a more complex and developing notion of policymaking for inclusive growth and the

creation of a sustainable society for present and future generations. Here the challenge is sound implementation and to increase the effectiveness of governance mechanisms. There is also a noted diffusion of goals, to focus beyond the Jakarta metropolitan area to smaller regional cities, as urbaniza

tion continues and rural areas are changing.This book will be of interest for use in advanced undergraduate and graduate courses related to Southeast Asia in the fields of international relations, political science, public administration, economics, law, sociology, education, public health, and the

spatial sciences. It will also be of interest to policymakers and government officials at the national and local level in Southeast Asia and middle-income developing countries, officials and policymakers in institutions of regional governance such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN

), and of global governance such as the United Nations and World Bank. It will also be of interest to civil society organizations and other actors focused on policy development and economic development, health, education, the environment, sustainable transport, etc. The book will also be of interest

to business people interested in economic and governance issues, such as the management and governance of in-bound foreign investment, inclusive growth, and corporate governance. Finally, the book should be of interest to citizens in advanced, middle-income, and developing countries motivated to le

arn more about the links between governance and the creation of a sustainable society for current and future generations. Ronald Holzhacker is Senior Lecturer in Comparative Political Science and International Relations at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands. He holds a PhD from the Unive

rsity of Michigan in political science and a JD from the University of Minnesota Law School. He serves as the Director of the Spirit Indonesia Groningen (SInGA) research program on good governance and sustainable society, which is supported by scholarships from the World Bank and other sources. He h

as delivered a series of lectures at universities and conferences in Southeast Asia over the past few years on governance and sustainable society and on EU-ASEAN relations. His research focuses on the implementation of human rights in multi-level governance situations involving civil society, states

, and regional institutions. He is published in such journals as Law & Policy, Comparative European Politics, Party Politics, European Union Politics, Nations and Nationalism, and the Journal of Legislative Studies. He also served as editor of numerous edited volumes, including Freedom, Security, an

d Justice in the European Union: Internal and External Dimensions of Increased Cooperation after the Lisbon Treaty, (NY: Springer 2014), The Transnationalization of Economies, States, and Civil Societies: New Challenges for Governance in Europe (NY: Springer 2009), and Democratic Governance and Euro

pean Integration: Linking Societal and State Processes of Democracy (Edward Elgar 2007). Over the past four years he served as a senior EU expert for the Network of Socio-Economic Experts in the Field of Anti-Discrimination, established by the European Commission to monitor the implementation of the

anti-discrimination directives in the member states. Recently, he has been appointed as a senior EU expert for the network ’Knowledge-based analysis and policy advice in the antidiscrimination field and the EU 2020 Strategy’ for the period 2014-2017. Rafael Wittek is professor of theoretical sociol

ogy at the University of Groningen, The Netherlands, and co-initiator of SPIRIT Indonesia Groningen. He holds a PhD (with distinction) from the University of Groningen, and an M.A. (with distinction) from the University of Tübingen (Germany). He taught at the Cornell University and the University of

Erlangen-Nürnberg, and held guest professorships at ETH Zurich and the Universita della Svizzera Italiana (USI, Lugano). He chaired the think tank of the strategic research theme ＂Sustainable Society＂ of the University of Groningen. His research is in the field of organizational governance, social

networks, and social theory. He has co-edited The Handbook of Rational Choice Social Research (Stanford University Press, 2013), which received the bi-annual James Coleman book award of the Rationality and Society Section of the American Sociological Association. He is also co-editor of Humanitarian

Crises, Intervention and Security (Routledge, 2014). Recent articles appeared in journals like the European Sociological Review, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, Public Administration and Development, Work, Employment and Society, Group and Organization Management, Social Netwo

rks. Johan Woltjer is Professor of Urban Infrastructures at the University of Westminster, and Head of the Department of Planning and Transportation. He is also a Professor of Regional Planning and Development at the University of Groningen. Prof Woltjer concentrates his research work on institution

al innovations for urban regions (specifically infrastructure development and planning). He has delivered policy advice for institutions including the EU, the OECD, and government agencies. His work is funded by grants, such as from the Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences (KNAW) and the Netherlands Orga

nisation for Scientific Research (NWO). Prof Woltjer is actively involved in international education and educational management. His work has contributed to an international and internationally comparative view to the field, particularly focusing on Europe (Netherlands, UK, Germany) and South-Easter

n Asia (e.g., Indonesia and China). The impact of his work is visible through papers and articles on urban governance, regional development, infrastructure management, policy evaluation, and capacity building, appearing in high-impact journals such as the Journal of the American Planning Association

, Land Use Policy, Urban Studies, International Planning Studies, and Environment and Planning A. Recent books include ’Consensus Planning, the relevance of communicative planning theory in Dutch infrastructure development’, ’Evaluation for Participation and Sustainability in Planning’ (Routledge),

and ’Place-Based Evaluation for Infrastructure and Spatial Projects’ (Ashgate).

利用電漿技術製備複合催化劑應用於酸性藍光催化降解之研究

為了解決Multi link Single ra的問題，作者謝墨如 這樣論述：

酸性藍被歸類為偶氮染料，廢水產生量高，若採用混凝-膠凝、生物處理和吸附等處理，需要大量空間，在台灣土地面積有限的情況下，不是一個最佳選擇。 TiO2 是一種廣泛使用的光催化劑，它具有多種優點，包括適用於小面積應用、低可見光反應以及 e/h+ 對的快速復合。利用將生物炭與 TiO2 奈米顆粒結合，可以克服這些限制，且生物炭負載的 TiO2 複合材料的光催化活性在紫外可見範圍內顯著提高。 Biochar 和 Co-Pyrolysis char 從電漿熱解反應中可獲得此可再利副產品，並可進一步作為摻雜鈦 (II) 的光催化劑來處理酸性藍染料。該合成採用水解法和煅燒法，摻雜生物炭和二氧化鈦作為光催化

劑材料。實驗參數選擇氣體流量 7L/m、9L/m 和 11L/m， 生物炭與共熱解炭與 TiO2的比例為 0.1:1； 0.3:1; 0.3:1; 0.5:1; 0.7:1;和 1:1。使用 FTIR、XRD、BET、元素和 Zeta 電位進行特性分析，並應用準一級、準二級、Langmuir動力學和等溫光催化劑模型分析去除行為。結果顯示，與單獨使用 TIO2 和純 Biochar 相比，使用 Biochar 和 Co-Pyrolysis char/TiO2 的優點是反應更快，Biochar/TiO2控制在 9L/m及比例 1/1下，在 10 PPM 酸性藍色染料中降解污染物高達 83.60%

的效率；而共熱解炭/TiO2 複合材料控制在 9L/m及比例 1/1下，對10 PPM 酸性藍色染料具有 78.80% 的去除效率。此複合光催化劑，Biochar/TiO2和Co-pyrolysis char/TiO2合成後的表面積分別為119.4356 m2和88.2361 m2，而兩種材料的孔隙體積分別為 0.7421 m3 和 0.1682 m3。 Biochar/TiO2 樣品中出現的官能團包含-OH（羥基）、C=C、-CF、C=O、-CH3、C-O-C 鍵，而在 Co-Pyrolysis Char 則出現-OH ，C=C，-CF。Biochar/TiO2和Co-pyrolysis c

har/TiO2光觸媒材料重覆使用，將導致10 PPM酸性藍染料在第三次循環使用中的效率分別下降64.63%和61.38%。當將 TiO2 添加到染料溶液中時，酸性藍分子主要通過其磺酸鹽基團被吸附，研究 AOP 系統中萘基偶氮染料光降解的主要降解途徑是羥基自由基對萘環的攻擊，導致形成羥基化的萘基偶氮染料，然後將其裂解。此外，羥基自由基攻擊含有偶氮基團的芳香環，導致偶氮鍵斷裂，這兩種反應都會導致髮色團的破壞，加速染料降解。